CHAPTER X

THE ETHER AND MATTER

§ 1. The Relations between the Ether and Matter:
Attempts to reduce all matter to forms of ether--Emission
and absorption phenomena show reciprocal action--
Laws of radiation--Radiation of gases--Production of
spectrum--Differences between light and sound variations
show difference of media--Cauchy's, Briot's, Carvallo's
and Boussinesq's researches--Helmholtz's and
Poincaré's electromagnetic theories of dispersion.

§ 2. The Theory of Lorentz:--Mechanics fails
to explain relations between ether and matter--Lorentz
predicts action of magnet on spectrum--Zeeman's experiment
--Later researches upon Zeeman effect--
Multiplicity of electrons--Lorentz's explanation of
thermoelectric phenomena by electrons--Maxwell's and
Lorentz's theories do not agree--Lorentz's probably more
correct--Earth's movement in relation to ether.

§ 3. The Mass of Electrons: Thomson's and
Max Abraham's view that inertia of charged body due
to charge--Longitudinal and transversal mass--Speed
of electrons cannot exceed that of light--Ratio of
charge to mass and its variation--Electron simple
electric charge--Phenomena produced by its acceleration.

§ 4. New Views on Ether and Matter: