which go only half way or are externally imposed by the police are
not sufficient to direct this huge mass of people towards useful
occupations. With the patience of martyrs the Jews of Western Europe
had endured the most atrocious persecutions, and had yet succeeded
in keeping their national type intact until the governments took the
trouble to inquire more deeply into the causes separating the Jews
from general civic life, so as to be able to attack the causes
themselves.

After blurting out the truth that the Government's ultimate aim was the
obliteration of the Jewish individuality, and modestly yielding the palm
in inflicting "the most atrocious persecutions" upon the Jews to Western
Europe, where after all they were receding into the past, while in
Russia they were still the order of the day, the Council of State
proceeds to consider "the example set by foreign countries," and lingers
with particular affection over the Prussian Regulation of 1797 issued by
that country for its recently occupied Polish provinces--the Prussian
Emancipation Edict of 1812 the memorandum very shrewdly passes over in
silence--and on the system of compulsory schooling adopted by Austria.

Taking its clue from the West, the Council delineates three ways of
bringing about "a radical transformation of this people":

1: _Cultural reforms_, such as the establishment of special secular
schools for the Jewish youth, the fight against the old-fashioned
heders and melammeds, the transformation of the rabbinate, and the
prohibition of Jewish dress.

2. _Abolition of Jewish autonomy_, consisting in the dissolution of
the Kahals and the modification of the system of special Jewish