poisonous gases in bombs and shells in order to fight the Germans with
their own weapon. The other innovation was the "flame-thrower," an
apparatus which threw a flame of burning liquid or gas far ahead of the
troops. This has never been widely used by the Germans, because it
proved almost as dangerous to themselves as it was to their opponents. A
sharpshooter's bullet or a piece of shell might pierce the apparatus and
the containers and produce dangerous results among the Germans.

THE GALLIPOLI CAMPAIGN.--In the east the year opened with an attempt
on the part of the Allies to force the Dardanelles with their fleets and
take possession of the city of Constantinople. The campaign gets its
name from the peninsula of Gallip´oli, the European shore of the
Dardanelles. In February the campaign opened with a naval attack. The
Turkish fortifications, however, were strong enough to defeat a purely
naval attempt and the Allied fleets met with heavy losses. It has been
stated since that had the Allies continued the attack one more day the
Turks would have had to yield, as their ammunition was nearly exhausted.
In April troops were landed on the peninsula to aid in the attack. The
landing was accomplished at a terrible cost of life. Siege operations
were then begun against the Turkish and German forces defending the
peninsula. Month after month the fighting continued, but nothing worth
while was accomplished. Finally, in January of the next year, the
campaign was abandoned. It had cost the Allies heavily in money and
lives, and its failure had lost to them the respect of the hesitating
nations of southeastern Europe, Bulgaria and Greece.

THE WAR ON THE RUSSIAN BORDER.--Along the Russian frontier also the
Allied cause met with serious reverses. The year had opened favorably
with the Russians in control of most of Galicia. In March the great
Galician fortress of Przemysl, which had successfully withstood the