Minas Geraes............... 5,000. Sommer.
Espirito Santo............. 25,000. Ludwig[39]
Rio (Fed. Dist.)........... 18,000. Sommer.
São Paulo.................. 32,000. Ibid.
Paraná .................... 35,000. Ibid.
Santa Catharina............ 100,000. Müller von Königswinter
Rio Grande do Sul.......... 250,000. Ibid.
Northern and Central States
(including Bahia)........ 10,000. Sommer.
________
Total...................... 475,000.

Making a fairly liberal allowance for underestimates, we may regard the
number 500,000 as representing the total number of citizens of German
descent in Brazil to-day.[40]

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: _V._ Tootal, p. XCV.]

[Footnote 2: _V._ Klüpfel, pp. 121 and 162.]

[Footnote 3: _Cf._ Sommer: "Manoel Beckmann." _German American Annals._
New Series. Vol. 14, Nos. 5 and 6, 1916, pp. 189-196. Also Pereira da
Silva: _Quadros_.... p. 111.]

[Footnote 4: _V._ Ludwig, p. 27.]

[Footnote 5: It is emphasized that only colonies (state, provincial, or
private) in which the German element forms an important part of the