nearly equal to England; and it is undoubtedly the most fertile,
the most productive, and the most populous island within the
tropics. Its whole surface is magnificently varied with mountain
and forest scenery. It possesses thirty-eight volcanic mountains,
several of which rise to ten or twelve thousand feet high. Some
of these are in constant activity, and one or other of them
displays almost every phenomenon produced by the action of
subterranean fires, except regular lava streams, which never
occur in Java. The abundant moisture and tropical heat of the
climate causes these mountains to be clothed with luxuriant
vegetation, often to their very summits, while forests and
plantations cover their lower slopes. The animal productions,
especially the birds and insects, are beautiful and varied, and
present many peculiar forms found nowhere else upon the globe.

The soil throughout the island is exceedingly fertile, and all
the productions of the tropics, together with many of the
temperate zones, can be easily cultivated. Java too possesses a
civilization, a history and antiquities of its own, of great
interest. The Brahminical religion flourished in it from an epoch
of unknown antiquity until about the year 1478, when that of
Mahomet superseded it. The former religion was accompanied by a
civilization which has not been equalled by the conquerors; for,
scattered through the country, especially in the eastern part of
it, are found buried in lofty forests, temples, tombs, and
statues of great beauty and grandeur; and the remains of
extensive cities, where the tiger, the rhinoceros, and the wild
bull now roam undisturbed. A modern civilization of another type
is now spreading over the land. Good roads run through the
country from end to end; European and native rulers work