materials upon which they are employed, and their neat revenue by what
remains of this value, after deducting what is necessary for supporting the
tools and instruments of their trade.

That the greater part of the gold and silver which being forced abroad by
those operations of banking, is employed in purchasing foreign goods for
home consumption, is, and must be, employed in purchasing those of this
second kind, seems not only probable, but almost unavoidable. Though some
particular men may sometimes increase their expense very considerably,
though their revenue does not increase at all, we maybe assured that no
class or order of men ever does so; because, though the principles of
common prudence do not always govern the conduct of every individual, they
always influence that of the majority of every class or order. But the
revenue of idle people, considered as a class or order, cannot, in the
smallest degree, be increased by those operations of banking. Their expense
in general, therefore, cannot be much increased by them, though that of a
few individuals among them may, and in reality sometimes is. The demand of
idle people, therefore, for foreign goods, being the same, or very nearly
the same as before, a very small part of the money which, being forced
abroad by those operations of banking, is employed in purchasing foreign
goods for home consumption, is likely to be employed in purchasing those for
their use. The greater part of it will naturally be destined for the
employment of industry, and not for the maintenance of idleness.

When we compute the quantity of industry which the circulating capital of
any society can employ, we must always have regard to those parts of it only
which consist in provisions, materials, and finished work ; the other, which
consists in money, and which serves only to circulate those three, must
always be deducted. In order to put industry into motion, three things are
requisite ; materials to work upon, tools to work with, and the wages or