would take the amnesty oath were directed to resume office until relieved; the
laws of 1861, except those relating to slavery, were declared to be in force;
the courts were directed to use special efforts to crush lawlessness; and the
old jury lists were destroyed and new ones were drawn up containing only the
names of those who had taken the amnesty oath. Since there was no money in any
state treasury, small sums were now raised by license taxes. A full staff of
department heads was appointed, and by July 1865, the provisional governments
were in fair working order.

To the constitutional conventions, which met in the fall, it was made clear,
through the governors, that the President would insist upon three conditions:
the formal abolition of slavery, the repudiation of the ordinance of
secession, and the repudiation of the Confederate war debt. To Governor Holden
he telegraphed: "Every dollar of the debt created to aid the rebellion against
the United States should be repudiated finally and forever. The great mass of
the people should not be taxed to pay a debt to aid in carrying on a rebellion
which they in fact, if left to themselves, were opposed to. Let those who had
given their means for the obligations of the state look to that power they
tried to establish in violation of law, constitution, and will of the people.
They must meet their fate." With little opposition these conditions were
fulfilled, though there was a strong feeling against the repudiation of the
debt, much discussion as to whether the ordinance of secession should be
"repealed" or declared "now and always null and void," and some quibbling as
to whether slavery was being destroyed by state action or had already been
destroyed by war.

In the old state constitutions, very slight changes were made. Of these the
chief were concerned with the abolition of slavery and the arrangement of
representation and direct taxation on the basis of white population. Little
effort was made to settle any of the Negro problems, and in all states the