causes are thus three [Footnote: I suppose that these are (1) the
incompatibility of the primary sense; (2) the common currency of the
secondary meaning, __e.g.__ when "Europe" is used to imply its
inhabitants in the phrase "Europe makes war:" (3) a motive, as in
"a herd-station on the Ganges," where "Ganges" is used instead of
"the bank of the Ganges," in order to imply the coolness and purity
of the spot].

21. Now if there is no Denotation in a phrase, how can there arise
any Indication? First there should be some primary meaning
precluded, and then there may be the Indication of something else.

22. Where there is no accepted Denotation, how can you there have
Indication? If there is no village, how can there be a boundary?--
there is no child without a father [Footnote: Cf. the Bengali proverb
__matha nai tar mathabyatha__, "he has no head and yet he has a
headache."]

23. "The lances enter, the swords, the bows and arrows,"--here we
have Indication; for the sentence must suggest something else to
complete itself, as there cannot be "entrance" in the case of an
inanimate subject.

24. "A herd-station on the Ganges,"--here we have the self-sacrifice
of the primary to another meaning, since the Ganges, as being in the
form of water, cannot be the site of a herd-station.

25. In the example "ghi is life" there is produced the idea of
sameness of form; in the example "this is life" there arises the
idea of identity [Footnote: In the first ex. there is __suddha-